14 AGOUST prepositions

Prepositions

Prepositions are words of groups of words, normally used before a noun or pronoun to express a relationship between one person/event etc. and another:

• She walked into the operating theatre.
• He seemed strangely out of breath.

Prepositions may relate to space, time cause, origin, purpose, source, agent, instrument, possession, topic or abstract ideas.

• They arrived at midnight
• He's done it for his own reasons.
• The shirt is made of cotton
• We live in hope.

Refer to section 8 of the Appendix (19th july)for a list of expressions with above, over, beneath, below, under, at, by, between, among, in, on, out of.

a) Use an expression with above, over, under, below or beneath to complete each sentence

• He's too young to be allowed in this bar. He's --------- above over under belowbeneath
• Nobody would ever suspect her. She's --------- above over under belowbeneath
• There'll be no trouble about repairing the television if it goes wrong. It's --------- above over under belowbeneath
• Don't let those children get too wild! keep them --------- above over under belowbeneath
• He's taller than most people. He's of --------- above over under belowbeneath.
• The main thing is, don't hurt him --------- above over under belowbeneath, keep him safe.
• That's rather unfair. You're hitting --------- above over under belowbeneath.
• I'm afraid I can't work for anyone else. You see, I'm --------- above over under belowbeneathto my present employers for two years.
• He whispered the answer. “yes” he said, --------- above over under belowbeneath
• Someone who robs an old lady of all her savings is --------- above over under belowbeneath, and deserve to be punished.
• Use one of the --------- above over under belowbeneathprepositions to complete this sentences.
• It's very frosty this morning. The temperature must have dropped --------- above over under belowbeneath.
• Shall we discuss the problem after lunch, --------- above over under belowbeneath?
• He's a freelance film director, and travels all --------- above over under belowbeneath making his films.
• The village is well --------- above over under belowbeneath, and at risk of being flooded if the sea wall is breached by a particularly high tide.
• Doctors think heart attacks are sometimes brought on by being --------- above over under belowbeneathat home or at work.
• You'll have to tell me the truth. Stop trying to pull the wool --------- above over under belowbeneath!
• If you don't bargain with the market traders, you'll be paying --------- above over under belowbeneath for their goods.

b) Match each expression with at on the left with its approximate paraphrase.

At a loss	unoccupied, with no purpose
at short notice	going very fast
at any rate	deep down inside (a person)
at present	no matter what it takes
at a loose end	without much advance warning
at once	fighting another country
at heart	immediately
at hand	unsure what to do
at first sight	taking the most hopeful view
at times	near, ready, available
at war	sailing, on a ship
at all costs	in danger
at sea	the first time (I) saw (her)
at best	anyway
at risk	occasionally
at high speed	now.

c) Complete the sentences with the correct preposition, choosing from between, among, out of, and over.

1. Bob's been ------ between among out of over work for six months now.
2. ------ between among out of over you and me. Smith hasn't got much of a future in the firm.
3. That book's too high up on the shelf. It's just ------ between among out of over my reach.
4. She's ------ between among out of over jobs at the moment, so she's struggling to make ends meet.
5. Unfortunately the catering committee can never agree ------ between among out of over themselves.
6. I went on waving until the car was ------ between among out of over sight.
7. We'll discuss the affair ------ between among out of over a cup of tea.
8. It's no good trying that snack machine- It's ------ between among out of over order.
9. The boys were hiding ------ between among out of over the bushes in the garden.
10. There's a footpath ------ between among out of over the canal and the main road.
11. No, I certainly won't give permission. It's ------ between among out of over the question!
12. I can only admire his conscientiousness. It's ------ between among out of over and above the call of duty.
13. I'm afraid those sandals are ------ between among out of over stock at the moment, madam.
14. General Gibson settled in quite happily ------ between among out of over the Polynesian natives.
15. I'm hoping to be reimbursed for my travelling expenses, otherwise I'll be rather ------ between among out of over pocket.
16. The lift wasn't working, so she was ------ between among out of over breath by the time she reached the top floor.
17. A prize was awarded to Fawzia, ------ between among out of over others.
18. Children, put your coats on if you want to play ------ between among out of over doors.
19. The photo's ------ between among out of over focus, unfortunately, but you can still make out the figure in doorway.
20. This information is rather ------ between among out of over date, so we can't use it in our new brochure.

D) Complete each sentence with the correct preposition.

1. ------ in on second thoughts, I'll have the lentil soup after all.
2. Giles was mortified to discover that he had sent Cordelia a Photograph of his ex-girlfriend ------ by at mistake.
3. The results will be published ------ in on due course.
   
4. “Could I possibly use your phone?” Oh, ------ by in all means.”
5. The intrepid women explored the remotest part of the sierra ------ by on horseback.
   
6. ------ in on all likelihood, we will never know the real reason.
   
7. kindly sign the contracts in triplicate and send back to head office ------ by on return.
   
8. Nobody helped him. He managed it all ------ by on his own
   
9. The company is keeping its head above water this year, but it will have to become more efficient ------ in on the long run
   
10. The proposal looks good ------ in on paper, but there may be snags in its practical application.
    
11. The victims of the industrial accident should, ------ by at rights, be compensated by the factory owners.
    

E) Complete the passage by putting a suitable preposition in each space

1) the whole, Flora was content with her life. 2) day she was a librarian in a large city library, but 3) her spare time she lived in a world of dreams. Her secret, all-devouring passion was reading – novels 4) particular – and she had read almost all the classics that the library had 5) stock. She read voraciously, 6) her lunch hour, her tea break, and the long evenings 7) home. She would even read 8) her way home, walking slowly 9) her book open.
The small flat where she lived 10) herself was piled high 11) books. Se knew fer favourites 12) heart, empathising with the characters and thinking 13) them as real people. 14) short, she had found that books fulfilled her emotional needs better than people did, and 15) any case, she had now completely forgotten how to relate to people other than characters in novels.

14 AGOUST difficult verbs.

Difficult Verbs

make v.s do

• Make usually conveys the idea of creating or producing something new:

• make a speech, a fuss, a noise, the beds, a (new) thing, (someone)ill/well/better, a mistake, a change.

• Do is used with work, obligations or general activities:

• do homework, housework, military service, your duty, a favour, (someone) good, with/without.

1. If you agreed, you'd be doing me a great favour
2. It's no good playing with Victoria. she make such a fuss if she doesn't win.
3. The visiting foreign dignitaries were invited to make speeches at the ceremonial opening of parliament.
4. What on earth have you done with the paper I was Reading just now?
5. If you make any noise, they'll hear us and call the police.
6. A complete rest would do you an awful lot of good.
7. Well, there just isn't any coffee. You'll have to do¿ without
8. The housekeeper always makes the beds straight after breakfast.
9. He's having a new suit made, as he can't find one in his size.
10. What do you feel like doing this weekend? walking? Eating out? Going for a swim?
11. Now that he's over eighteen, he'll have to do his military service.
12. Doctor, is this treatment really going to make me better?
13. Try to avoid make so many mistakes in the final version.
14. I didn't manage to do my homework, as I was at a rehearsal last night.
15. I expect the new manager will be make a few changes in some departments.
16. He always does the hoovering, but not without a bit of grumbling!
17. John, have you got a moment? I could do with some help.
18. I don't see what the problem is, Jess. You're making a mountain out of a molehill.
19. Shall I make a beef casserole for dinner?
20. I'm afraid I can't make it to the meeting tonight. I've got too much to do.

say/speak/tell/talk

• Say is used for direct or reported speech, with no personal direct object:

• tell the truth, a lie, fortunes, a story, someone something

• speak is often used for a single utterance or for knowledge of languages

• Can you speak French? note: He stopped speaking to me after our argument.
  

• talk is less formal, more conversational than speak, and refers to a longer activity:

• “The trouble with Marian is she talks too much.

• Can the baby talk yet?

• note: . Talk something over, talk about (discuss).

1. She was told to go home.
2. They told/ spoke quietly to each other for a long time.
3. “Come in”, he said.
4. The postman didn't tell me he had delivered a parcel.
5. How many languages do you speak?
6. Tell me! I must know! What did he speak to you?
7. Don't believe him. He always tells lies.
8. Now, stop talking everybody, and listen to me.
9. You must be silent while the judge is speaking.
10. There is nothing more to be said on the subject.
11. You can always tell the supervisor if you don't feel well.
12. I've just got one thing to say so listen carefully.
13. They will have to be told to pull their socks up.
14. Everything will be all right if you tell the truth.
15. I was so surprised I couldn't said a word.
16. Every time he tries to speak, he stutters.

arise/rise/raise

• Arise/arose/arisen means to occur (of a problem, difficulty or need) or to stand up (formal or poetic):

• Should any problems arise, let me know.

• Rise/rose/risen means to move upwards or stand up, and cannot take a direct object:

• He rose to his feet.

• Raise / raised / raised means to move something upwards, or cause something to grow or appear, and takes a direct object.

• He raised his eyes from his work.

• note: raise a smile/laugh, an army, a family, a protest doubts, fears, suspicions.

14 AGOUST_"TRUE BRIT: reading"

TRUE BRIT
I never know whether to apologise or stand on a soap box[1] and sing “Rule Brittania”. You see, I've currently got a couple of friends from foreign parts staying at my flat and ttthey are having a high old time.[2] London they think is a lovely place, exciting and beautiful, but just a trifle[3], well eccentric. To put it bluntly[4] the are confused and amused and amazed[5] and appalled[6] and distracted and attracted by just how peculiar a people we English are. They cannot get over [7]what a lot of idiosyncrasies this island race of ours has developed for itself.
It all began, I believe, with cricket. Because I was watching cricket on TV every day I thought it was my duty to educate these poor uncivilised souls in the rudiments of this glorious game. It was a mistake. I tried to explain about ins and outs, about LBW'S[8] and googlies, about why both teams wear the same kit, why each game lasts five days and why it doesn't really matter who wins. I even tried to explain the romance of village greens and leather on willow[9]. I shouldn't have.
The argument which ensued[10], ensured [11] that I learned a few home truths [12] about my country. The idiosyncrasies of Englishness as represented by the game of cricket were driven home to me by two foreigners speaking near perfect English. (We of course, refuse to learn a foreign language to remain isolated and aloof[13].) They argued that in England we build barriers of peculiarity in order to stay apart from other people. Thereby we feel different and special and everyone else just feels confused.
They pointed out [14] for example how we insisted on a completely different set of standards from every other European country. Where the rest measure weights in the decimal scale of grammes and kilos we stand proudly by ounces, pounds and stones. [15](Think how difficult it is to explain why there are 16 ounces to a pound and 14 pounds to a stone. Or at least I think there are.) Where he continent counts distance in metres and kilometres we alone have inches, feet, yards[16] and miles. We also have furlongs and acres and things, but I haven't got a clue [17]what they are. I will admit that we do even confuse ourselves sometimes.
Like temperature. we deal in Fahrenheit where freezing point is a very logical 32 degrees instead of that silly Centigrade with its ridiculous 0 to 100 degrees. I don't know how foreigners know whether they are hot or cold. Then again I don't know how they know when they see an English postage stamp because we alone refuse to put our name on them.
We also insist on driving on the left, just to confuse everybody including ourselves when we design to venture abroad. It also ensures that all our cars have to be specially made. We have a different system for shoe sizes and a different width of railway track so that our trains are only usable here. We even set our clocks on a totally different time scale to the rest of Western Europe so that things appear to happen here first.
Apparently, to the eyes of outsiders, we eat strangely: a fried dinner for breakfast and then the same for lunch and dinner. We drink copious amounts of beer even though the weather is rarely warm enough to raise a thirst. We also sit in deckchairs at the seaside when it is wet and windy when sane Continental souls would be inside with the central heating on. But if we ever did get midday sun we would insist on calling for some mad dogs[18] and going out to play. Probably cricket.
And it isn't just that. We all dress funny too, from fashion victims in clogs[19], tights[20] and pirate scarves[21], and that's the boys, to judges in wigs[22], businessmen in bowlers[23] and soldiers in bearskins. We treat animals like people, foreigners like fools, we say please perpetually, and apologise whenever anybody bumps into[24] us. All of this it seems makes us truly strange. I think I'll sing “Rule Brittania" [25]
[1] stand on a soap box – personal opinion, public place.
[2] a high old time. an enjoyable, fetive period or occasion.
[3] trifle. [ˈtraɪfl] to a small extent or degree; slightly: he is a trifle eccentric
[4] bluntly [ˈblʌntlɪ] 2. Abrupt and often disconcertingly frank in speech: "Onscreen, John Wayne was a blunt talker and straight shooter" Time. See Synonyms at gruff. “honest and direct”.
[5] amazed 1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise.
[6] appalled [] struck with fear, dread, or consternation aghast, dismayed, horrified
[7] get over. to overcome (a problem)
[8] LBW lbw Cricket leg before wicket. In the sport of cricket, leg before wicket (LBW) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed. An umpire will rule a batsman out LBW under a complex series of circumstances that primarily include the ball striking the batsman's body (usually the leg) when it would otherwise have continued to hit the wicket.

The LBW rule is designed to prevent a batsman simply using his body to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (and so avoid being bowled out) rather than using his bat to do so.

Despite the word leg in leg before wicket, the rule applies if the ball hits the batsman on any part of his body, except for the glove of a hand in contact with the bat (which is considered part of the bat).
[9]googly. Cricket a ball bowled like a leg break but spinning from off to leg on pitching [Australian English]
[9]willow. Something, such as a cricket bat, that is made from willow.tree
[10] ensued .To follow as a consequence or result. See Synonyms at follow.
2. To take place subsequently.
[11] ensured. To make sure or certain; insure: Our precautions ensured our safety. See Usage Note at assure.
[12]home truths unpleasant facts told to a person about himself or herself
[13] aloof
adjective distant, cold, reserved, cool, formal, remote, forbidding, detached, indifferent, chilly, unfriendly, unsympathetic, uninterested, haughty, unresponsive, supercilious, unapproachable, unsociable, standoffish << style="font-weight: bold;">[14] point out comment, remark, notice.
[15]
[16] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_unit
[17]clue. not to have a clue
to be ignorant `How does that work?' `I haven't a clue.'
[18]mad dogs ”it is attributed to Noel Coward (1899-1973) from "Mad Dogs and Englishmen." The full quote is "Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the mid-day sun." I don't know if the phrase is original with Mr. Coward. I thought it was a comment by the natives, who knew how to sensibly deal with the heat.” http://members.aol.com/noelcow2/maddogs.wav
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdEnxNog56E
[19]clog. A heavy, usually wooden-soled shoe.
[20]tights leotards
[21] scarves (skärvz) A plural of scarf1. A long piece of cloth worn about the head, neck, or shoulders.
[22] wigs. An artificial covering of human or synthetic hair worn on the head for personal adornment, as part of a costume, or to conceal baldness.
[23]bowlers hats. bowler hat. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_hat
[24]bump into. To meet by chance: I often bump into him at the supermarket.
[25] Rule Brittania.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTZEcAY_95A&feature=related

5 AUGUST

clutching at straws- clutch/grasp at straws

1. to try any method, even those that are not likely to succeed, because you are in such a bad situation. He's hoping that this new treatment will help him but I think he's clutching at straws. (usually in continuous tenses)
2. to try to find reasons to feel hopeful about a situation when there is no real cause for hope. She thinks he might still be interested because he calls her now and then but I think she's clutching at straws. (usually in continuous tenses)
   

quiz
quiz [kwɪz] n (= game) → concurso: (TV, RADIO) → programa-concurso (= questioning); interrogatorio
vt → interrogar
verb-- question
season the soup .. add salt and pepper
season .. sea·son . [ˈsiːzn] n [of year] → estación f;
(sporting etc) → temporada;
(gen) → época, período
vt [+ food] → sazonar;
to be in/out of season → estar en sazón/fuera de temporada;
the busy season (for shops, hotels etc) → la temporada alta;
the open season (HUNTING) → la temporada de caza or de pesca
genius. [ˈdʒiːnɪəs]
jelous – envious
envious . en·vi·ous [ˈɛnvɪəs] adj → envidioso; [look] → de envidia
jealous jeal·ous [ˈdʒɛləs] adj (gen) → celoso (= envious); envidioso;
to be jealous → tener celos
grave – [greɪv] – (gräv) --
“a tight budget”
budget [ˈbʌdʒɪt] n → presupuesto
vi to budget for sth → presupuestar algo;
I'm on a tight budget → no puedo gastar mucho;
she works out her budget every month → planea su presupuesto todos los meses
“a burning ambition”
ambition Noun 1. strong desire for success 2. something so desired; a goal [Latin ambitio a going round (of candidates)]
burning . Adjective 1. intense; passionate 2. urgent; crucial: a burning problem
“crucial”- vital
a tip – piece of advice
tip [tɪp] n (= end) → punta (= gratuity); propina;
(BRIT) (for rubbish) → vertedero (= advice); consejo
vt [+ waiter] → dar una propina a (= tilt); inclinar (= empty) (also: tip out) → vaciar, echar (= predict) [+ winner] → pronosticar: [+ horse]; recomendar;
he tipped out the contents of the box → volcó el contenido de la caja
tip off vt → avisar, poner sobreaviso a
tip over vt → volcar
vi → volcarse
“go off the beaten track”
beat·en (btn) beaten: Worn by continuous use; familiar and much traveled: a village located well off the beaten path.

stick with staying --- continue to do it

1. stick with someone/something: to continue to be closely involved with someone or something

1. stick someone with someone/something: to force someone to do something or to have responsibility for someone. She claims that big power companies cut costs and stick their customers with high prices. They go out dancing and stick me with the baby.

“drifted into teaching” dift into =become involved in without planning
“all my papers were muddled up ” -- disorganised
mud·dle muddle [ˈmʌdl] v. muddle up
I'm all in the muddle-- I'm confused















sad.
feeling a bit blue ---

• blue - causing dejection; "a blue day"; "the dark days of the war"; "a week of rainy depressing weather"; "a disconsolate winter landscape"; "the first dismal dispiriting days of November"; "a dark gloomy day"; "grim rainy weather"
• dismal, drear, dreary, disconsolate, gloomy, dingy, drab, sorry, grim, dark
• cheerless, depressing, uncheerful - causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy; "the economic outlook is depressing"; "something cheerless about the room"; "a moody and uncheerful person"; "an uncheerful place"
  

be a bit down in the dumps ---

• down in the dumps Informal feeling depressed and miserable [probably from Middle Dutch domp haze]
• Examples: I'm sorry to hear that you are so down in the dumps. - Jack has really been down in the dumps lately, see if you can cheer him up.
  

felling a bit low/down today

Happy

I'm over the moon

• over the moon: extremely pleased and happy. When he sent me flowers and a note, I was over the moon.

ecstatic - ec·stat·ic [ɛksˈtætɪk]
adj.

1. Marked by or expressing ecstasy.
2. Being in a state of ecstasy; joyful or enraptured.
   

full of the joys of spring - joy [dʒɔɪ]

• be full of the joys of spring (British & Australian, humorous) to be very happy. He bounced into the office, full of the joys of spring.

Ill/sick

under the weather --

• not healthy. It's hard to keep working when you're under the weather.

be cook – australian
fell off colour--

• off colour. Adjective
  

1. slightly ill; unwell
2. slightly indecent: an off colour joke
   

Tired/ low energy

worm out

shattered. Adjective/ Informal

1. completely exhausted
2. badly upset: he was shattered by the separation
   

felling a bit low/down today

High energy

full of beans

1. Energetic; frisky: The children were too full of beans to sit still.
2. Badly mistaken: Don't believe him; he's full of beans.
   

angry

be like a bear with a sore head (British & Australian, humorous)

• to be in a bad mood which causes you to treat other people badly and complain a lot. If his newspaper doesn't arrive by breakfast time he's like a bear with a sore head.
• sore [sɔːʳ] adj (= painful) → doloroso, que duele (= offended); resentido
  

31JULY

31JULY
Profesions
actor/actress -or -er Vs ess
playwright
novelist
poet
biographer
screenwritter
Theatre -- stage
“waiting on the wings”
“break a leg”
curtains
blinds – telón
“All the world's a stage and we are ...”

William Blake
Tyger
Tyger, Tyger, burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art,
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears
And water'd heaven with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger, Tyger, burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?










William Shakespeare - To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

29 JULY

UNIT 12
Linking words and discourse markets
The main linking words expressing concession and contrast are despite, in spite of, however, although, even though, much as, as/though (after adjetives), but, yet, all the same, even so, nevertheless.
Despite and in spite of can only be followed by noum or geurnd ()
In spite of having a fax machine, he couldn't send the documents.
The alternative construction is in spite of/despite the fact that
She married him, in spite of the fact that he trated her badly.

All the other conjunctions and connectors are followed by a verb clause.
* Note how as and though are used after adjectives:
Intelligent though she is, I don't think she'll win the competition.
Brave as he was, the soldier dreaded the onset of batle.
Although, even though and much as can come at the beginning of the sentence or introduce the second or additional clause.
Much as I enjoy his company, I don't want him here the whole time.
But and Yet normaly introduce the second or additional clause:
She's charming, yet there's something a litle odd about her.
All the same, even so, nevertheless and however all need a comma or commas to separate them fron the rest of the sentence:
He decided to go, all the same
All the same, he decided to go.
However is a more formal alternative to but. It is rarely used in spoken English:
Klaus was a loyal friend. However, she found him irritating at times.

a) Correct the sentences if necesary.Tick any which are allready correct.
1.In Spite of he revised revising hard for his exams, he didn't pass.
2.Much as I approve of her enthusiasm, I'm worried she'll overdo her weight training.
3.all the same He doesn't all the same know what he's talking about.
4.She would love the opportunity, although it seems unlikely at the moment.
5.There are no grants available. Nevertheless, you may be awarded a scholarship
6.My first reaction was one of distaste, yet there was an element of humour in the situation.
7.Despite his extended illness(correct), he managed to complete his doctoral disertation.
8.Quiet this spot seems now though, you ought to see it when the tourist are here in August!
9.“Try a bit harder!” “However but I don't want to”
10.I can't accept, but it's very kind of you to offer, all the same.
11.Even though your lack of agreement, you must admit it's a strong case.
12.Even so his creditors are baying for satisfaction, he has just bought a BMW!
VOCABULARY
distaste – dis·taste- [dɪsˈteɪst] n → repugnancia --
ought [pt ought] [ɔːt] aux vb I ought to do it → debería hacerlo;


The main linking words expressing cause are as, since, because, participles (see UNIT 18) and Adjetives like aware, distraught, horrified which express feelings that would cause certain behaviour.
As I hadn't had time for lunch, I bought a sandwich
Realising that no once would help him, he abandoned the idea.
Suddenly aware of the pain, she keeled over on the ground.
Distraught that Susan had rejected him, Toby rushed wildly out of the room.
Notice that as, since, and because are followed by a verb clause, participles by a verb clause with that, and adjectives either by a preposition + noum or by a verb clause with that.
For is a more formal alternative to but it is not normally used in spoken English, and cannot be used to begin a sentence.
On account of, due to, owing to and because of are followed by a noum or gerund:
Stevenson moved to the south Seas because of the climate.

b) Use these words to Complete the sentences. Do not use any word more than once.
Disgusted/ because / for/ horrified / deprived / told / surprised / embarrassed / sad / alone / due / Aware
1 Gilian blushed, ___________ that she might have embarrassed him.
2 ________ of sweets in his childhood, Antonio had fortunately never adquired a sweet tooth.
3 ________ again in her tiny room, Lucy couldn't help crying a little.
4 ________ it could publish any late news in its evening edition, the local paper had an advantage over its competitors.
5________ at the thought of missing the party, Sandra tried to cheer herself up by watching a video.
6 The toddles was crying bitterly, ____________ he'd lost his mother.
7 ________ to herar the unexpected news, Peggy phoned her mother and told her inmediately.
8 _________ to wait until he was needed, the boy sat down and watched the rest of his team play.
9 __________ at the catastrophe, the onlookers panicked and fled.
10_______ to serious problems with the track, trains to manchester Victoria will not be running until further notice.
11 ________ by the attention they were receiving, the boys tried to creep out of the room.
12________ by the mess, the residents set to work to clear it up before it become a health hazard.

The main linking words expressing result are therefore, consequently, as result, (and) so, so ... that, such ... that, enough and too... (for someone) to +infinitive. As a result of comes before a noun or gerund.
Such can be used with a noum, or an adjectvid + noum:
It was such a nice day/such nice weather that we went out
It was sach a surprise for Percy!
so... that is used with an adjective or adverb, and also with much, little, many, few + noum:
He talks so fast that you can't understand him
We had so little time that we didn't manage to see everyone.
Enough comes before a noum but after an adjective or adverb:
There wasn't enough time to see him
He isn't old enough to join the navy.
c) Rewrite the sentences, using too or enough.
1.The matter is so important that you should deal with it yourself.
2.she didn't study much, so she didn't pass the end-of-term test.
3.The door was so narrow that we couldn't squeeze through.
4.She had so little energy that she couldn't keep going all day
5.The leisure centre is so inaccesible that hardly any tourist find it.

d) Rewrite the sentences using so or such... that.
1.They had very little money, and couldn't afford to run a car.
2.There was a lot of food. We could have fed ten hungry men with it!
3.You're a really experienced worker, so you should know what to do.
4.He hasn't had much acting experience, so we can't give him the part.
5.I draw very badly, so I can't do a very good sketch map.
In case is used to explain precautions or things done in advance. It is followed by a present or past tense, or (less often) by should (see UNIT 3):
I'll take an umbrella in case it rains.
I took an umbrella in case it rained/should rain.
DO NOT USE WILL or WOULD after IN CASE.

e) Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verb in brackets.
1.I went on a first aid course, in case I ever (need) to know about it.
2.Take your money with you in case you (see) any good souvenirs to buy.
3.I always pack my shorts in case the weather (be) fine.
4.I've been looking for her everywhere, in case she (get lost)
5.I think I'll lock my briefcase in the boot in case someone (spot) it and (try) to break into the car.
6.He was planning to work out every day, in case he (be select) for the macth.
7.I'm looking for other jobs, in case I (not get) this one.



CONNECTORS AND STRUCTURES
Connectors or prepositions?
Some connectors (as a result, in addition) are similar to complex prepositions (as a result of, in addition to). Instead of a connector (1), we sometimes use a complex preposition plus a noun phrase (2) or a pronoun (3) at the beginning of a sentence.
1.As a result, sea levels are rising. In addition, the discussed the situation in the Pacific.
2.As a result of these changes, sea levels are rising (NOT as a result of sea levels are rising)
3. In addition to that, they discussed the situation in the Pacific. (NOT In addition that... )
Other complex prepositions include: as an example of, in comparison to/with, in contrast to
We can also use a comlex preposition plus a noum phrase or pronoum (4), or a similar connector (5), in end position.
4.Malcon went to Cambridge, Sarah chose Oxford instead of Cambridge.
5.He went to Cambridge. She chose Oxford instead. (NOT ... Oxford instead Cambridge).
Connectors or Conjunctions?.
We can use connectors such as also and however in a way that is similar to the coordinating conjuctions and and but. We use the connectors when we want to emphasize the type of connection, such as adding (6) or contrasting (7).
6.Suzy's doing great these days. She's living in the country. She also has a new boyfriend. *She's living in the country and she has a new boyfriend.*
7. I sometimes drink coffee in a restaurant. However, I prefer tea most of the time. *I Sometimes drink coffee in a restaurant, but I prefer tea most of the time.*
We sometimes use coordinating conjuntions before connectors in the same clause when we want to emphasize the type of relationship, such as result (8) or contrast (9), between the clauses.
8.She didn't sign the contract and consequently it isn't legal. (NOT consequently and)
9.They were trapped for two days, but nevertheless they survived. (NOT nevertheless but)
We sometimes reduce clauses after coordinating conjunctions, but no after connectors.
10.The show was supposed to start early, but didn't (NOT ... however didn't).
Although connectors and conjunctions can both link clauses inside sentences, we usually use conjunctions to join clauses within the same sentence (11) and connectors to link sentences (12).
11.You can stay here and help me or you can go inside, but you can't just sit watching TV.
12.We were working outside all day. Meanwhile, he was sitting inside watching TV.
We can use so and though as connectors or as subordinating conjuntions. When used as conjuctions, so and though introduce an adverbial clause as part of a sentence (13). When used as connectors, they link one sentence to another (14).
13.It was an interesting offer, though I couldn't accept it, so I said nothing.
14.I'm sure it was her car outside. So she must have been at home. * We really liked their new flat. It was lovely. It was very expensive, though.*


4.Using information from the text on page 208, complete these sentences with connectors, prepositions or conjunctions.
1. _______________ industrial pollution, the atmosphere has gradually changed.
2. ______________ small changes such as butterflies moving north, there are large changes such as glaciers melting ___________ flowing into the ocean. sea levels are rising_____________.

5.Choose one phrase from each pair to complete these sentences from a history text.

in addition / in contrast / for example / as a result /
in addition to / in contrast to / as an example of / as a result of /
The spanish-American war was fougt between Spain and the United States in 1898. There were several reasons for US involvement. (1) ............................, American investors were losing money because of Spanish polices in Cuba. (2)......................... the Spanish forces, the US navy was very modern and powerful. (3) ............................ the war, Cuba became independent from Spain. (4) ............................, the United States gained control of Puerto Rico.
6.Complete this description with these words.
also / and / as a result / but / however /so
The Titanic was considered to be the fastest and most modern passenger ship of its day. It was (1) ...................... believed to be unsinkable. During its first voyage in 1912, (2)................, the ship hit an iceberg (3) ................................... sank. While the ship was slowly sinking, there was time for the passengers to escape, (4) .............................. there were not enough lifeboats, (5) ....................... hundreds of people drowned in the disaster. (6)..............................., thoug new laws were introduced to make ships much safer.

7.Choose a sentence or clause (a-d) to follow each sentence or clause (1 – 4) and add these words.
and / but / instead / or / so (x 2) though
1. We loved playing in the snow. (..)
2. I liked the car ............... my wife loved it. (...)
3. I didn't think the test was long .................... difficult, (...)
4 There wasn't a flight avilable. (...)
a ......................... some of the students did.
b .........................we went by train .............................
c .......................................we bought it.
d It was really cold, ....................................

8.Editing. Correct the mistakes in the use of connectors in this text.

My friend Kazuko sometimes helps me with my English writing. She was born in Japan, however, but she spent part of her childhood in America consequently her English is really good. She isn't like an American, although. Americans seem to be very direct, in contrast this Kazuko is very indirect. As example, she never tells me that I have made a mistake. Instead that, she points to a line and takes a deep breath. She makes also a small “tss” sound. Alternatively or she may say some part needs “special attention”. For her, nothing is ever wrong; it is simply 'not finished yet'. As a result this, I have not only learned English from her, but I have also learned how to be helpful and patient. Nevertheless that, I think that se will have to take a few deep breaths when she reads this. In other word, it is not finished yet.

Conjunctions____
Combining clouses
and, but, yet, however,
but – he was short but fat.
however, should be at the start of a sent. and followed by a comma
however, I decided not to go
in addition to, additionaly... at the start.
Although
Despite/ In spite of – must be followed by a noun / gerund
Despite loving him, she packed her bags and headed for the coast.
In spite of his fear of flying, he let his brother fly him over gay Paris.
Robert Rode a horse in spite of the fact that he hated them.
As/ though – after adjectives
Beautiful as she was, she still couldn't find a man
Tired though they were of eating hourse meat, they butchered a filly an chucked in on the BBQ
such as... Given a example... You must drink some fine wine whilst you are in Spain such as Rioja.
Although / even though
Although he was tired, he still went to the show

VOCABULARY

Peel – halua – core –apple
slice- dice – chop -
skin (flay humman)
stir
mix- whisk – beat
fry

stir – fry

bake (bread, cakes, biscuits, fruits)
roast (meat + vegetables with oil)
boild/ simmer (a punto de hervir)
steam / steamer
grill / toast
wrap – wrip doblar – envolver
stock-- caldo
safron
RECIPE BOTILLO
Bierzo "botillos" are tasty pork sausages, with the undisputed leading role in the cuisine of the county of El Bierzo.

The "botillo" is a meat product made in the Leonese county of El Bierzo, with different parts from the butchering of the pig (above all ribs and tail), chopped up and marinated in salt, paprika, garlic and other natural spices. It is packed in natural skins and, before being eaten, it must go through the smoking and part-curing processes. Its exterior appearance is defined by the shape of the skin, although it normally takes on a globe shape, reddish grey in colour and weighing between approximately 500g and 1,600g per piece. When cut, it shows deep red tones, a firm consistency and an intense aroma. It is eaten cooked and accompanied by vegetables, above all cabbage, potatoes, chickpeas and chorizo pepper. It is a simple, hearty dish with no great secrets in the preparation, but it is one of the stars of El Bierzo's cuisine.

Season: Bierzo "botillo" can be eaten all year round, although the periods of greatest demand coincide with the winter months because of the product's great energy value.
Origin
The area for manufacturing Bierzo "botillos" covers the municipalities belonging to the county of El Bierzo, situated in the northeast of the province of León.

24JULY

WILL

• future

• promises. “I promise I will”

• decision made at the moment. “I'll get the door”, “I'll get the phone”

• responding to a new information. “I'm hungry”-- “I'll make you a sandwich”

GOING TO

• use for plans and intentions. (they are not set in stone, nothing has been arranged)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

• more concrete that – going to-- fixed arguments

  where are you going on holiday?

  what are you doing later?

  who are you metting in the pub?

  who are you having a meeting with?

  why is she leaving him after so long?

  when are you taking your cat to the vet?

somebody gives info --- somebody use present continuous to concrete info

HIPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS -- going to --

what are you going to do if she leaves you?

whar are you going to do if you would be thinking about it before?

where are you going to live if your landlord sells the house?

who are you going to turn to when it all falls down?

who is going to pick you up off the ground?

somebody gives info --- “have you heard? my girlfriend's leaving me!”

somebody ask --- “what will you do? “(instantaneously) what are you going to do? (implies thought)

VOCABULA..

to dump – ir al servicio, acabar una relación con alguien

to chuck--- through --- acabar con alguien=?

FUTURE REPORTED SPEECH

present continuous

going to

“I'm going to leave England”, she said that she was going to leave England

PER PRONUNTIATION

2

bit beat

hit heat

sit seat

milt meat

3

bit beat bet

http://www.soundsofenglish.org/pronunciation/i.htm