22JULY

Verbs of speech
talk to
said to
ask
speak to
tell
wishper to
splain to
answer
chat to
mention to
describe sth to S one
shout to son // at sone
scream to Sone // At S.one
question
cry
howd
bark
murmur
holer
yell
mumble
mutter
shriek
threat (en)


Speech [say, speak, talk]
A. To say something in a particular way
1. To say something formally [address, state, declare]
2. To say something informally [gossip, chat]
3. To say something firmly [insist, emphasise]
4. To say something precisely [specify]
5. To say something briefly [mention]
6. To say something again [repeat]
7. To say something with difficulty [stutter, stammer]
8. To say something quickly/continuously [chatter, babble]
9. To say something suddenly/loudly [exclaim, shout]
10. To say something in a soft way [whisper]
11. To say something angrily [snarl]
12. To say something unhappily in a dissatisfied way [complain, lament]
13. To say something in a proud way [boast, brag]
14. To say something in a rude way [insult]
B. To say something
1. To say something is the case (positive things)
1.1 To say yes to somebody/something [accept, agree]
1.2 To say that something is true [acknowledge, admit]
1.2.1. To say something will happen [foretell, predict]
1.2.2. To say that something is certain [promise, guarantee]
1.3 To say positive things about somebody/something
1.3.1. To say positive things, speaking favorably [praise, extol]
1.3.2. To say positive things, saying that something should be considered [suggest, advise]
2. To say something is not the case (negative things)
2.1 To say no to somebody/something [refuse, reject]
2.2 To say negative things about somebody/something [criticise, slander]
2.2.1. To say negative things so that others will laugh [ridicule]
2.3 To say something bad may happen [warn, threaten]
3. To say something without knowing if it is the case [guess]
C. To say something for a particular purpose/ with a specific result
1. To say something to somebody so that they will do it [direct, order]
1.1 To say something to somebody else to put an idea in their mind [suggest]
2. To say something in order to get something else [ask, request]
2.1 To say something in question form in order to get an answer [ask, question]
2.1.1. To say something in return to something [answer]
2.1.2. To say something not in return to something [remark, comment]
3. To say something to somebody to tell them about it
3.1 To say something expressing an opinion or judgement one has arrived at [reason]
3.2 To say something to somebody so that they will remember it [remind]
3.3 To say something to somebody so that they will know it [inform, notify]
3.4 To say something to somebody giving an account of it [describe]
3.5 To say the main points of [outline]
3.6 To say something to somebody else, talking it over from several points of view [discuss]
D. To say something by a particular means [telephone]
E. To say something in a different language [translate]

Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e.g. He said). This is called backshift.
Example
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
Simple Past
Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Future I (going to)
was / were going to
Future I (will)
Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)


DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH--- BACKSHIFTTING
Pronoums ---
I ----> SHE /HE -- I
You ---> she / he / it you --> when questioned by the person you are spoken
we --> you they, we
they ---> they
Present Simple ---> Past Simple

Adverbios

today ----> that day
yesterday ---> the day before, the previous day
tomorrow ---> next day / following day


Present Perfect ---> Past Perfect
--- No fixed time closed =
since: starting point
for: direction, legth of time
here --> there



IF
Permision: Can I use the toilet? she asked if she could use the toilet

verb to be:
How old are you? she asked me how old I was
she asked him how old he was
she asked you how old you are

Where are you from? she asked me where I was from. she asked him where he was from.
What did you do? she asked me what I have done. she asked him what he has done.
What the hell did she said? she asked me what the hell she had said?
modals:
can
may (possibility)
may (permission)
will
might
must
have to
should
ought to
shall
shall


could
might
could
would
might
had to
had to
should
ought to
would (future)
should (ask for advice)


"When did you find the money?" She asked us ...
when we had found the money.
or
when we'd found the money.

#

"Do you want to go to the cinema?" Jill asked me ...
if I wanted to go to the cinema.


#

"If you give me some money, I'll help you." The man said that if I ...
gave him some money, he would help me.

#

"I'll visit Mary tomorrow." He said that ...
he would visit Mary the next day.

#

"Do you want to go to the cinema?" Jill asked me ...
if I wanted to go to the cinema.

#

"Open the window, please." She ...
asked me to open the window.


#

"Did you see that film last month?" Jane asked me ...
if I had seen that film the month before.

if I had seen that film the month before.
if I'd seen that film the month before.
if I had seen that film the previous month.
if I'd seen that film the previous month.
whether I had seen that film the month before.
whether I'd seen that film the month before.
whether I had seen that film the previous month.
whether I'd seen that film the previous month.

#

"Will Mary arrive by five?" Fred asked me ...
if Mary would arrive by five.

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"Are you going to help us?" Jim asked me ...
if I was going to help them.


#

"If I knew the answer, I would tell you." Mary said that ...
if she had known the answer, she would have told me.