29 JULY

UNIT 12
Linking words and discourse markets
The main linking words expressing concession and contrast are despite, in spite of, however, although, even though, much as, as/though (after adjetives), but, yet, all the same, even so, nevertheless.
Despite and in spite of can only be followed by noum or geurnd ()
In spite of having a fax machine, he couldn't send the documents.
The alternative construction is in spite of/despite the fact that
She married him, in spite of the fact that he trated her badly.

All the other conjunctions and connectors are followed by a verb clause.
* Note how as and though are used after adjectives:
Intelligent though she is, I don't think she'll win the competition.
Brave as he was, the soldier dreaded the onset of batle.
Although, even though and much as can come at the beginning of the sentence or introduce the second or additional clause.
Much as I enjoy his company, I don't want him here the whole time.
But and Yet normaly introduce the second or additional clause:
She's charming, yet there's something a litle odd about her.
All the same, even so, nevertheless and however all need a comma or commas to separate them fron the rest of the sentence:
He decided to go, all the same
All the same, he decided to go.
However is a more formal alternative to but. It is rarely used in spoken English:
Klaus was a loyal friend. However, she found him irritating at times.

a) Correct the sentences if necesary.Tick any which are allready correct.
1.In Spite of he revised revising hard for his exams, he didn't pass.
2.Much as I approve of her enthusiasm, I'm worried she'll overdo her weight training.
3.all the same He doesn't all the same know what he's talking about.
4.She would love the opportunity, although it seems unlikely at the moment.
5.There are no grants available. Nevertheless, you may be awarded a scholarship
6.My first reaction was one of distaste, yet there was an element of humour in the situation.
7.Despite his extended illness(correct), he managed to complete his doctoral disertation.
8.Quiet this spot seems now though, you ought to see it when the tourist are here in August!
9.“Try a bit harder!” “However but I don't want to”
10.I can't accept, but it's very kind of you to offer, all the same.
11.Even though your lack of agreement, you must admit it's a strong case.
12.Even so his creditors are baying for satisfaction, he has just bought a BMW!
VOCABULARY
distaste – dis·taste- [dɪsˈteɪst] n → repugnancia --
ought [pt ought] [ɔːt] aux vb I ought to do it → debería hacerlo;


The main linking words expressing cause are as, since, because, participles (see UNIT 18) and Adjetives like aware, distraught, horrified which express feelings that would cause certain behaviour.
As I hadn't had time for lunch, I bought a sandwich
Realising that no once would help him, he abandoned the idea.
Suddenly aware of the pain, she keeled over on the ground.
Distraught that Susan had rejected him, Toby rushed wildly out of the room.
Notice that as, since, and because are followed by a verb clause, participles by a verb clause with that, and adjectives either by a preposition + noum or by a verb clause with that.
For is a more formal alternative to but it is not normally used in spoken English, and cannot be used to begin a sentence.
On account of, due to, owing to and because of are followed by a noum or gerund:
Stevenson moved to the south Seas because of the climate.

b) Use these words to Complete the sentences. Do not use any word more than once.
Disgusted/ because / for/ horrified / deprived / told / surprised / embarrassed / sad / alone / due / Aware
1 Gilian blushed, ___________ that she might have embarrassed him.
2 ________ of sweets in his childhood, Antonio had fortunately never adquired a sweet tooth.
3 ________ again in her tiny room, Lucy couldn't help crying a little.
4 ________ it could publish any late news in its evening edition, the local paper had an advantage over its competitors.
5________ at the thought of missing the party, Sandra tried to cheer herself up by watching a video.
6 The toddles was crying bitterly, ____________ he'd lost his mother.
7 ________ to herar the unexpected news, Peggy phoned her mother and told her inmediately.
8 _________ to wait until he was needed, the boy sat down and watched the rest of his team play.
9 __________ at the catastrophe, the onlookers panicked and fled.
10_______ to serious problems with the track, trains to manchester Victoria will not be running until further notice.
11 ________ by the attention they were receiving, the boys tried to creep out of the room.
12________ by the mess, the residents set to work to clear it up before it become a health hazard.

The main linking words expressing result are therefore, consequently, as result, (and) so, so ... that, such ... that, enough and too... (for someone) to +infinitive. As a result of comes before a noun or gerund.
Such can be used with a noum, or an adjectvid + noum:
It was such a nice day/such nice weather that we went out
It was sach a surprise for Percy!
so... that is used with an adjective or adverb, and also with much, little, many, few + noum:
He talks so fast that you can't understand him
We had so little time that we didn't manage to see everyone.
Enough comes before a noum but after an adjective or adverb:
There wasn't enough time to see him
He isn't old enough to join the navy.
c) Rewrite the sentences, using too or enough.
1.The matter is so important that you should deal with it yourself.
2.she didn't study much, so she didn't pass the end-of-term test.
3.The door was so narrow that we couldn't squeeze through.
4.She had so little energy that she couldn't keep going all day
5.The leisure centre is so inaccesible that hardly any tourist find it.

d) Rewrite the sentences using so or such... that.
1.They had very little money, and couldn't afford to run a car.
2.There was a lot of food. We could have fed ten hungry men with it!
3.You're a really experienced worker, so you should know what to do.
4.He hasn't had much acting experience, so we can't give him the part.
5.I draw very badly, so I can't do a very good sketch map.
In case is used to explain precautions or things done in advance. It is followed by a present or past tense, or (less often) by should (see UNIT 3):
I'll take an umbrella in case it rains.
I took an umbrella in case it rained/should rain.
DO NOT USE WILL or WOULD after IN CASE.

e) Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verb in brackets.
1.I went on a first aid course, in case I ever (need) to know about it.
2.Take your money with you in case you (see) any good souvenirs to buy.
3.I always pack my shorts in case the weather (be) fine.
4.I've been looking for her everywhere, in case she (get lost)
5.I think I'll lock my briefcase in the boot in case someone (spot) it and (try) to break into the car.
6.He was planning to work out every day, in case he (be select) for the macth.
7.I'm looking for other jobs, in case I (not get) this one.



CONNECTORS AND STRUCTURES
Connectors or prepositions?
Some connectors (as a result, in addition) are similar to complex prepositions (as a result of, in addition to). Instead of a connector (1), we sometimes use a complex preposition plus a noun phrase (2) or a pronoun (3) at the beginning of a sentence.
1.As a result, sea levels are rising. In addition, the discussed the situation in the Pacific.
2.As a result of these changes, sea levels are rising (NOT as a result of sea levels are rising)
3. In addition to that, they discussed the situation in the Pacific. (NOT In addition that... )
Other complex prepositions include: as an example of, in comparison to/with, in contrast to
We can also use a comlex preposition plus a noum phrase or pronoum (4), or a similar connector (5), in end position.
4.Malcon went to Cambridge, Sarah chose Oxford instead of Cambridge.
5.He went to Cambridge. She chose Oxford instead. (NOT ... Oxford instead Cambridge).
Connectors or Conjunctions?.
We can use connectors such as also and however in a way that is similar to the coordinating conjuctions and and but. We use the connectors when we want to emphasize the type of connection, such as adding (6) or contrasting (7).
6.Suzy's doing great these days. She's living in the country. She also has a new boyfriend. *She's living in the country and she has a new boyfriend.*
7. I sometimes drink coffee in a restaurant. However, I prefer tea most of the time. *I Sometimes drink coffee in a restaurant, but I prefer tea most of the time.*
We sometimes use coordinating conjuntions before connectors in the same clause when we want to emphasize the type of relationship, such as result (8) or contrast (9), between the clauses.
8.She didn't sign the contract and consequently it isn't legal. (NOT consequently and)
9.They were trapped for two days, but nevertheless they survived. (NOT nevertheless but)
We sometimes reduce clauses after coordinating conjunctions, but no after connectors.
10.The show was supposed to start early, but didn't (NOT ... however didn't).
Although connectors and conjunctions can both link clauses inside sentences, we usually use conjunctions to join clauses within the same sentence (11) and connectors to link sentences (12).
11.You can stay here and help me or you can go inside, but you can't just sit watching TV.
12.We were working outside all day. Meanwhile, he was sitting inside watching TV.
We can use so and though as connectors or as subordinating conjuntions. When used as conjuctions, so and though introduce an adverbial clause as part of a sentence (13). When used as connectors, they link one sentence to another (14).
13.It was an interesting offer, though I couldn't accept it, so I said nothing.
14.I'm sure it was her car outside. So she must have been at home. * We really liked their new flat. It was lovely. It was very expensive, though.*


4.Using information from the text on page 208, complete these sentences with connectors, prepositions or conjunctions.
1. _______________ industrial pollution, the atmosphere has gradually changed.
2. ______________ small changes such as butterflies moving north, there are large changes such as glaciers melting ___________ flowing into the ocean. sea levels are rising_____________.

5.Choose one phrase from each pair to complete these sentences from a history text.

in addition / in contrast / for example / as a result /
in addition to / in contrast to / as an example of / as a result of /
The spanish-American war was fougt between Spain and the United States in 1898. There were several reasons for US involvement. (1) ............................, American investors were losing money because of Spanish polices in Cuba. (2)......................... the Spanish forces, the US navy was very modern and powerful. (3) ............................ the war, Cuba became independent from Spain. (4) ............................, the United States gained control of Puerto Rico.
6.Complete this description with these words.
also / and / as a result / but / however /so
The Titanic was considered to be the fastest and most modern passenger ship of its day. It was (1) ...................... believed to be unsinkable. During its first voyage in 1912, (2)................, the ship hit an iceberg (3) ................................... sank. While the ship was slowly sinking, there was time for the passengers to escape, (4) .............................. there were not enough lifeboats, (5) ....................... hundreds of people drowned in the disaster. (6)..............................., thoug new laws were introduced to make ships much safer.

7.Choose a sentence or clause (a-d) to follow each sentence or clause (1 – 4) and add these words.
and / but / instead / or / so (x 2) though
1. We loved playing in the snow. (..)
2. I liked the car ............... my wife loved it. (...)
3. I didn't think the test was long .................... difficult, (...)
4 There wasn't a flight avilable. (...)
a ......................... some of the students did.
b .........................we went by train .............................
c .......................................we bought it.
d It was really cold, ....................................

8.Editing. Correct the mistakes in the use of connectors in this text.

My friend Kazuko sometimes helps me with my English writing. She was born in Japan, however, but she spent part of her childhood in America consequently her English is really good. She isn't like an American, although. Americans seem to be very direct, in contrast this Kazuko is very indirect. As example, she never tells me that I have made a mistake. Instead that, she points to a line and takes a deep breath. She makes also a small “tss” sound. Alternatively or she may say some part needs “special attention”. For her, nothing is ever wrong; it is simply 'not finished yet'. As a result this, I have not only learned English from her, but I have also learned how to be helpful and patient. Nevertheless that, I think that se will have to take a few deep breaths when she reads this. In other word, it is not finished yet.

Conjunctions____
Combining clouses
and, but, yet, however,
but – he was short but fat.
however, should be at the start of a sent. and followed by a comma
however, I decided not to go
in addition to, additionaly... at the start.
Although
Despite/ In spite of – must be followed by a noun / gerund
Despite loving him, she packed her bags and headed for the coast.
In spite of his fear of flying, he let his brother fly him over gay Paris.
Robert Rode a horse in spite of the fact that he hated them.
As/ though – after adjectives
Beautiful as she was, she still couldn't find a man
Tired though they were of eating hourse meat, they butchered a filly an chucked in on the BBQ
such as... Given a example... You must drink some fine wine whilst you are in Spain such as Rioja.
Although / even though
Although he was tired, he still went to the show

VOCABULARY

Peel – halua – core –apple
slice- dice – chop -
skin (flay humman)
stir
mix- whisk – beat
fry

stir – fry

bake (bread, cakes, biscuits, fruits)
roast (meat + vegetables with oil)
boild/ simmer (a punto de hervir)
steam / steamer
grill / toast
wrap – wrip doblar – envolver
stock-- caldo
safron
RECIPE BOTILLO
Bierzo "botillos" are tasty pork sausages, with the undisputed leading role in the cuisine of the county of El Bierzo.

The "botillo" is a meat product made in the Leonese county of El Bierzo, with different parts from the butchering of the pig (above all ribs and tail), chopped up and marinated in salt, paprika, garlic and other natural spices. It is packed in natural skins and, before being eaten, it must go through the smoking and part-curing processes. Its exterior appearance is defined by the shape of the skin, although it normally takes on a globe shape, reddish grey in colour and weighing between approximately 500g and 1,600g per piece. When cut, it shows deep red tones, a firm consistency and an intense aroma. It is eaten cooked and accompanied by vegetables, above all cabbage, potatoes, chickpeas and chorizo pepper. It is a simple, hearty dish with no great secrets in the preparation, but it is one of the stars of El Bierzo's cuisine.

Season: Bierzo "botillo" can be eaten all year round, although the periods of greatest demand coincide with the winter months because of the product's great energy value.
Origin
The area for manufacturing Bierzo "botillos" covers the municipalities belonging to the county of El Bierzo, situated in the northeast of the province of León.